monero-site/_i18n/en.yml

langs:
  en: English
  es: Español
  it: Italiano
  pl: Polski
  fr: Français
  ar: العربية
  ru: Русский
  de: Deutsch
  nl: Nederlands
  pt-br: Português do Brasil

global:
  date: '%Y/%m/%d'
  monero: Monero
  getting_started: Getting Started
  copyright: Copyright
  monero_project: The Monero Project
  sitename: getmonero.org, The Monero Project
  wiki: Moneropedia
  tags: Articles By Tag
  wikimeta: on Moneropedia, the open encyclopedia of Monero knowledge
  tagsmeta: All Monero blog articles that are tagged
  titlemeta: on the home of Monero, a digital currency that is secure, private, and untraceable
  terms: Terms
  privacy: Privacy
  copyright: Copyright
  untranslated: This page is not yet translated. If you would like to help translate it, please see the
  outdatedMax: This page is outdated. We do not recommend using it. Instead, please see the
  outdatedVersion: English version
  outdatedMin: This page has been updated since the translation. You can use this version, but it may be incomplete.
  upgrade: To continue using Monero, make sure your software is up-to-date with the March 9th network upgrade.
  moreinfo: More info
  lang_tag: "@lang_tag_en"

titles:
  index: Home
  whatismonero: What is Monero (XMR)?
  using: Using Monero
  accepting: Accepting Monero
  contributing: Improving Monero
  mining: Mining Monero
  faq: FAQ
  downloads: Downloads
  allposts: All Blog Posts
  team: Monero Team
  hangouts: Hangouts
  events: Events
  sponsorships: Sponsorships
  merchants: Merchants & Services
  about: About Monero
  roadmap: Roadmap
  researchlab: Monero Research Lab
  moneropedia: Moneropedia
  userguides: User Guides
  developerguides: Developer Guides
  technicalspecs: Technical Specs
  themoneroproject: The Monero Project
  presskit: Monero Press Kit
  legal: Legal
  ffs: Forum Funding System
  ffs-cp: Completed Proposals
  ffs-fr: Funding Required
  ffs-ideas: Ideas
  ffs-ot: Open Tasks
  ffs-wip: Work in Progress
  blogbytag: Blog by Tag
  library: Library

index:
  page_title: "Monero - secure, private, untraceable"

home:
  translated: "yes"
  heading2: Private Digital Currency
  monero_is_cash: Monero is cash for a connected world. It’s fast, private, and secure. With Monero, you are your own bank. You can spend safely, knowing that others cannot see your balances or track your activity.
  get_started: Get Started
  why_monero_is_different: Why Monero is different
  monero_is_secure: Monero is secure
  monero_is_secure_para: Monero is a decentralized cryptocurrency, meaning it is secure digital cash operated by a network of users. Transactions are confirmed by distributed consensus and then immutably recorded on the blockchain. Third-parties do not need to be trusted to keep your Monero safe.
  monero_is_private: Monero is private
  monero_is_private_para: Monero uses ring signatures, ring confidential transactions, and stealth addresses to obfuscate the origins, amounts, and destinations of all transactions. Monero provides all the benefits of a decentralized cryptocurrency, without any of the typical privacy concessions.
  monero_is_untraceable: Monero is untraceable
  monero_is_untraceable_para: Sending and receiving addresses as well as transacted amounts are obfuscated by default. Transactions on the Monero blockchain cannot be linked to a particular user or real-world identity.
  monero_is_fungible: Monero is fungible
  monero_is_fungible_para1: Monero is
  monero_is_fungible_para2: fungible
  monero_is_fungible_para3: because it is private by default. Units of Monero cannot be blacklisted by vendors or exchanges due to their association in previous transactions.
  downloads: Downloads
  downloads_windows: Monero for Windows
  downloads_mac: Monero for Mac
  downloads_linux: Monero for Linux
  downloads_blockchain: Latest Blockchain
  different_system: Need it for a different operating system?
  view_all_downloads: View all available downloads here.
  latest_news: Latest News
  more_news: More news
  moneropedia: Moneropedia
  moneropedia_para: Would you like to look up the meanings of the terms and concepts used in Monero? Here you will find an alphabetical guide to terms and their meanings from both the Monero and Kovri projects.
  moneropedia_button: Read Moneropedia
  user_guides: User Guides
  user_guides_para: Step-by-step guides to all things Monero are separated by category and cover everything from creating a wallet to supporting the network, and even how to edit this website.
  user_guides_button: Read user guides
  faq: FAQ
  faq_para: We've heard a lot of questions over the years and have compiled, for your convenience, a thorough and varied FAQ. Don't worry, if your questions are not on here, you can always ask the community.
  faq_button: Read answers

hangouts:
  translated: "yes"
  intro: The Monero community is diverse and varied. We come from all over, but we definitely have some places we like to hang out together. You'll find most of them below. Join us!
  resources: Workgroup Resources
  resources_para: In an effort to support organic workgroups, Monero has several resources that the community can use to meet and plan projects. Mattermost even has relays into the most popular Monero-related IRC channels.
  irc: IRC Channels
  irc_para: The Monero community utilizes a lot of IRC channels that each serve different purposes. Some to work, and some just to hang out. You'll find the more popular ones below.
  stack_exchange: Stack Exchange
  stack_exchange_para: The Monero Stack Exchange is a quick and easy way to ask questions and get answers. Below you'll find some high quality question/answer pairs to some frequently asked questions.
  stack_exchange_link: Visit Stack Exchange
  irc_channels:
  - channel: monero
    description: This channel is used to discuss all things Monero related.
  - channel: monero-community
    description: This channel is for the Monero community to congretate and discuss ideas.
  - channel: monero-dev
    description: The many contributors and developers come here to discuss dev-y things.
  - channel: monero-markets
    description: We use this channel to talk about the price of Monero and other coins.
  - channel: monero-offtopic
    description: Chatting with other Monero users about things not related to Monero.
  - channel: monero-otc
    description: Over the counter Monero. Come here to purchase XMR from your fellow Moneron.
  - channel: monero-pools
    description: This is the place for mining questions and discussion.
  - channel: monero-research-lab
    description: Research into financial privacy with cryptocurrency.
  - channel: monero-translations
    description: Localizing Monero into other languages.
  - channel: monero-hardware
    description: Building hardware wallets to keep your Monero safe.
  - channel: kovri
    description: This channel is used to discuss all things Kovri related.
  - channel: kovri-dev
    description: The many contributors and developers come here to discuss Kovri dev-y things.

merchants:
  translated: "yes"
  intro1: Merchants of all kinds have come to value the financial privacy that Monero brings. Below is a list of the merchants that we know of that currently accept Monero for their goods and services. If a company no longer accepts Monero or you would like your business to be listed, please
  intro2:  open a GitLab issue and let us know.
  disclaimer: |
    "Please note: these links are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; they do not constitute an endorsement by the Monero community of any products, services or opinions of the corporations or organizations or individuals listed. The Monero community bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality, or content of these external sites. Contact the external site for answers to questions regarding its content. As always, caveat emptor ('buyer beware'); you are responsible for doing your own research. Always use judgement when making online purchases."    

sponsorships:
  translated: "yes"
  intro: The following businesses have supported the Monero Project in its goal to bring financial privacy to the world. We couldn't be more grateful for their contributions. If you would like to sponsor the Monero Project and be listed on this page, please send an email to dev@getmonero.org.

team:
  translated: "yes"
  core: Core
  developers: Developers
  developers_para1: The Monero Project has had well over 500 contributors over the life of the project. For a complete list, please see the
  developers_para2: OpenHub contributors page.
  developers_para3: Below you'll find some individuals that have gone above and beyond for Monero.
  community: Community
  mrl: Research Lab
  thanks: Special Thanks

downloads:
  translated: "yes"
  choose: Choose your OS
  sourceblockchain: Source & Blockchain
  mobilelight: Mobile & Light
  hardware: Hardware
  intro1: If you need help choosing the correct application, please click
  intro2: here
  intro3: for a quick answer, then select the appropriate release for your operating system below.
  note1: "Note: the SHA256 hashes are listed by the downloads for convenience, but a GPG-signed list of the hashes is at"
  note2: and should be treated as canonical, with the signature checked against the appropriate GPG key in the source code (in /utils/gpg_keys).
  currentversion: Current Version
  sourcecode: Source Code
  mirror: Mirror
  blockchain1: If you'd prefer to use a blockchain bootstrap, instead of syncing from scratch, you can
  blockchain2: use this link for the most current bootstrap.
  blockchain3: It is typically much faster to sync from scratch, however, and it also takes a lot less RAM (import is very greedy).
  hardware1: The Monero community has funded a
  hardware2: Dedicated Hardware Wallet
  hardware3: which is now in progress. Moreover, since CLI 0.12.1 and GUI 0.12.3 Ledger has
  hardware4: integrated Monero into their hardware wallets.
  mobilelight1: The following are mobile or light wallets that are deemed safe by trusted members of the community. If there is a wallet that is not on here, you can request the community check it out. Go to our
  mobilelight2: Hangouts
  mobilelight3:  page to see where we are.
  clionly: Command-Line Tools Only
  installer: Installer

monero-project:
  translated: "yes"
  kovri: The Kovri project uses end-to-end encryption so that neither the sender nor receiver of a Monero transaction need to reveal their IP address to the other side or to third-party observers (the blockchain). This is done using the same technology that powers the dark net, i2p (Invisible Internet Protocol). The project is currently in heavy, active development and is not yet integrated with Monero.
  kovri_button: Visit Kovri Website
  openalias: The OpenAlias project simplifies cryptocurrency payments by providing FQDNs (Fully Qualified Domain Names, i.e. example.openalias.org) for Monero wallet addresses in a way that ensures everyone's privacy is secure. The project is well underway and has already been implemented in many Monero wallets.
  openalias_button: Visit OpenAlias Website

press-kit:
  translated: "yes"
  intro1: Here you'll find the Monero symbol and logo below. You can choose any size that you want, or download the .ai file to mess with the logo yourself.
  intro2: Note that the white background options have a white background under the Monero symbol ONLY, not as a background to the whole image.
  intro3: Lastly, you can download everything on this page in one zip file by clicking
  intro4: here.
  noback: No background
  whiteback: White background
  symbol: Monero Symbol
  logo: Monero Logo
  small: Small
  medium: Medium
  large: Large
  symbol_file: Symbol .ai file
  logo_file: Logo .ai file
  documents:
  - category: Press Documentation
    publications:
    - name: "Quick-Facts Sheet"
      url_file: "http://www.monerooutreach.org/pubs/2018/QuickFacts/QuickFacts.pdf"
      abstract: >
        A quick and easy to read document to know everything about Monero: history, key differentiating factors, technical fundamentals, and features in development.<br>
        See <a target="_blank" href="https://www.monerooutreach.org/index.php">Monero Outreach</a> website for more information.        

accepting:
  translated: "yes"
  title: Instructions for the Command-Line Interface
  basics: The Basics
  basics_para1: Monero works a little differently to what you may have become accustomed to from other @cryptocurrencies. In the case of a digital currency like Bitcoin and its many derivatives merchant payment systems will usually create a new recipient @address for each payment or user.
  basics_para2: However, because Monero has @stealth-addresses there is no need to have separate recipient addresses for each payment or user, and a single @account address can be published. Instead, when receiving payments a merchant will provide the person paying with a "payment ID".
  basics_para3: "A @payment-ID is a hexadecimal string that is 64 characters long, and is normally randomly created by the merchant. An example of a payment ID is:"
  checking: Checking for a Payment in monero-wallet-cli
  checking_para1: |
    If you want to check for a payment using monero-wallet-cli you can use the "payments" command followed by the payment ID or payment IDs you want to check. For example:    
  checking_para2: If you need to check for payments programmatically, then details follow the next section.
  receiving: Receiving a Payment Step-by-Step
  receiving_list1: Generate a random 64 character hexadecimal string for the payment
  receiving_list2: Communicate the payment ID and Monero address to the individual who is making payment
  receiving_list3: Check for the payment using the "payments" command in monero-wallet-cli
  program: Checking for a Payment Programmatically
  program_para1: In order to check for a payment programmatically you can use the get_payments or get_bulk_payments JSON RPC API calls.
  program_para2: this requires a payment_id parameter with a single payment ID.
  program_para3: this is the preferred method, and requires two parameters, payment_ids - a JSON array of payment IDs - and an optional min_block_height - the block height to scan from.
  program_para4: |
    An example of returned data is as follows:    
  program_para5: It is important to note that the amounts returned are in base Monero units and not in the display units normally used in end-user applications. Also, since a transaction will typically have multiple outputs that add up to the total required for the payment, the amounts should be grouped by the tx_hash or the payment_id and added together. Additionally, as multiple outputs can have the same amount, it is imperative not to try and filter out the returned data from a single get_bulk_payments call.
  program_para6: Before scanning for payments it is useful to check against the daemon RPC API (the get_info RPC call) to see if additional blocks have been received. Typically you would want to then scan only from that received block on by specifying it as the min_block_height to get_bulk_payments.
  scanning: Programatically Scanning for Payments
  scanning_list1: Get the current block height from the daemon, only proceed if it has increased since our last scan
  scanning_list2: Call the get_bulk_payments RPC API call with our last scanned height and the list of all payment IDs in our system
  scanning_list3: Store the current block height as our last scanned height
  scanning_list4: Remove duplicates based on transaction hashes we have already received and processed

contributing:
  translated: "yes"
  intro: Monero is an open-source, community-driven project. Described below are several ways to support the project.
  network: Support the Network
  develop: Develop
  develop_para1: Monero is primarily written in C++. As it is a decentralized project, anyone is welcome to add or make changes to existing code. Pull requests are merged based on community consensus. See the
  develop_para2: repositories
  develop_para3: and outstanding
  develop_para4: issues.
  full-node: Run a Full Node
  full-node_para: Run monerod with port 18080 open. Running a full node ensures maximum privacy when transacting with Monero. It also improves distribution of the blockchain to new users.
  mine: Mine
  mine_para1: Mining ensures the Monero network remains decentralized and secure. In the Monero graphical user interface and command-line interface, background mining may be activated. Additional resources for mining may be viewed
  mine_para2: here.
  ffs: View the Forum Funding System
  ffs_para1: Monero utilizes a
  ffs_para2: forum funding system
  ffs_para3: whereby projects are proposed for development and community-funded. Funding is held in escrow and remunerated to developers once programming milestones are achieved. Anyone may generate new proposals or fund existing ones.
  donate: Donate
  donate_para1: Ongoing development is supported by donations and
  donate_para2: sponsorships.
  donate-xmr: Donating Monero
  donate-xmr_para: Donations may be sent to
  or: or
  donate-btc: Donating Bitcoin
  donate-btc_para: Donations may be sent to
  donate-other: Other
  donate-other_para1: E-mail
  donate-other_para2: for alternative means of donating or if you would like to become a sponsor for the Monero Project.

faq:
  translated: "yes"
  q1: How does Monero have value?
  a1: Monero has value because people are willing to buy it. If no one is willing to buy Monero, then it will not have any value. Monero’s price increases if demand exceeds supply, and it decreases if supply exceeds demand.
  q2: How can I get Monero?
  a2: You can buy Monero from an exchange or from an individual. Alternatively, you can try mining Monero to get coins from the block reward.
  q3: What is a mnemonic seed?
  a3: A mnemonic seed is a set of 25 words that can be used to restore your account anywhere. Keep these words safe and do not share them with someone else. You can use this seed to restore your account, even if your computer crashes.
  q4: How is Monero’s privacy different from other coins?
  a4: |
    Monero uses three different privacy technologies: ring signatures, ring confidential transactions (RingCT), and stealth addresses. These hide the sender, amount, and receiver in the transaction, respectively. All transactions on the network are private by mandate; there is no way to accidentally send a transparent transaction. This feature is exclusive to Monero. You do not need to trust anyone else with your privacy.    
  q5: Why is my wallet taking so long to sync?
  a5: If you are running a full node locally, you need to copy the entire blockchain to your computer. This can take a long time, especially on an old hard drive or slow internet connection. If you are using a remote node, your computer still needs to request a copy of all the outputs, which can take several hours. Be patient, and if you would like to sacrifice some privacy for faster sync times, consider using a lightweight wallet instead.
  q6: What is the difference between a lightweight and a normal wallet?
  a6: For a lightweight wallet, you give your view key to a node, who scans the blockchain and looks for incoming transactions to your account on your behalf. This node will know when you receive money, but it will not know how much you receive, who you received it from, or who you are sending money to. Depending on your wallet software, you may be able to use a node you control to avoid privacy leaks. For more privacy, use a normal wallet, which can be used with your own node.
  q7: How is Monero different from Bitcoin?
  a7: Monero is not based on Bitcoin. It is based on the CryptoNote protocol. Bitcoin is a completely transparent system, where people can see exactly how much money is being sent from one user to another. Monero hides this information to protect user privacy in all transactions. It also has a dynamic block size and dynamic fees, an ASIC-resistant proof of work, and a tail coin emission, among several other changes.
  q8: Does Monero have a block size limit?
  a8: No, Monero does not have a hard block size limit. Instead, the block size can increase or decrease over time based on demand. It is capped at a certain growth rate to prevent outrageous growth.
  q9: What is a blockchain?
  a9: A blockchain is a system that stores a copy of all transaction history on the Monero network. Every two minutes, a new block with the latest transaction information is added to the blockchain. This chain allows the network to verify the amount of money accounts have and make it resilient to attacks and centralization attempts.
  q10: What is Kovri?
  a10: Kovri is an I2P router written in C++. I2P is a hidden network like Tor with several technical differences. Kovri is an independent project of Monero, but it will work with Monero and several other projects. Kovri hides the transaction broadcast, so other nodes do not know who created transactions. In adversarial conditions, Kovri can be used to hide all Monero traffic through I2P, which would prevent people from knowing Monero is being used. Kovri is currently in alpha, and it is not yet fully integrated in Monero. Learn more about Kovri at the <a href="https://kovri.io">project website.</a>
  q11: What is fungibility, and why is it important?
  a11: Fungibility is a simple property of money such that there are no differences between two amounts of the same value. If two people exchanged a 10 and two 5’s, then no one would lose out. However, let’s suppose that everyone knows the 10 was previously used in a ransomware attack. Is the other person still going to make the trade? Probably not, even if the person with the 10 has no connection with the ransomware. This is a problem, since the receiver of money needs to constantly check the money they are receiving to not end up with tainted coins. Monero is fungible, which means people do not need to go through this effort.
  q12: If Monero is so private how do we know they're not being created out of thin air?
  a12-1: In Monero, every transaction output is uniquely associated with a key image that can only be generated by the holder of that output. Key images that are used more than once are rejected by the miners as double-spends and cannot be added to a valid block. When a new transaction is received, miners verify that the key image does not already exist for a previous transaction to ensure it's not a double-spend.
  a12-2: We can also know that transaction amounts are valid even though the value of the inputs that you are spending and the value of the outputs you are sending are encrypted (these are hidden to everyone except the recipient). Because the amounts are encrypted using Pedersen commitments what this means is that no observers can tell the amounts of the inputs and outputs, but they can do math on the Pedersen commitments to determine that no Monero was created out of thin air.
  a12-3: As long as the encrypted output amounts you create is equal to the sum of the inputs that are being spent (which include an output for the recipient and a change output back to yourself and the unencrypted transaction fee), then you have a legitimate transaction and know no Monero is being created out of thin air. Pedersen commitments mean that the sums can be verified as being equal, but the Monero value of each of the sums and the Monero value of the inputs and outputs individually are undeterminable.
  q13: Is Monero magic and protect my privacy no matter what I do ?
  a13: Monero is not magic. If you use Monero but give your name and address to another party, the other party will not magically forget your name and address. If you give out your secret keys, others will know what you've done. If you get compromised, others will be able to keylog you. If you use a weak password, others will be able to brute force your keys file. If you backup your seed in the cloud, you'll be poorer soon.
  q14: Is Monero 100% anonymous ?
  a14: There is no such thing as 100% anonymous. If nothing else, your anonymity set is the set of people using Monero. Some people don't use Monero. Monero may also have bugs. Even if not, ways may exist to infer some information through Monero's privacy layers, either now or later. Attacks only get better. If you wear a seatbelt, you can still die in a car crash. Use common sense, prudence and defense in depth.

mining:
  translated: "yes"
  intro1: Monero is a cryptocurrency that relies on proof-of-work mining to achieve distributed consensus. Below you'll find some information and resources on how to begin mining.
  intro2: The Monero Project does not endorse any particular pool, software, or hardware, and the content below is provided for informational purposes only.
  support: Support
  support_para1: See
  support_para2: Hangouts,
  support_para3: /r/moneromining (English)
  support_para4: and
  pools: Pools
  pools_para1: A listing of trusted Monero pools is found
  pools_para2: here.
  benchmarking: Hardware Benchmarking
  benchmarking_para1: See here
  benchmarking_para2: for a listing of GPUs/CPUs and their respective hashrates.
  software: Mining Software
  software_para: Note that some miners may have developer fees.

using:
  translated: "yes"
  intro: Transacting with Monero can be made easy. This page is designed to guide users in that process.
  learn: 1. Learn
  learn_para1: Monero is a secure, private, and untraceable cryptocurrency. The developers and community are committed to protecting these values. Learn more by reading the
  learn_para2: What is Monero
  learn_para3: page. The
  learn_para4: source code
  learn_para5: is also available for review and discussion.
  support: 2. Request Support
  support_para1: There is a large and supportive community that will assist if you experience any difficulty. See the
  support_para2: Hangouts
  support_para3: page for more information.
  generate: 3. Generate a Wallet
  generate_para1: A Monero wallet is required to secure your own funds. See the
  generate_para2: Downloads page
  generate_para3: for a listing of available wallets.
  generate_para4: The easiest way to run a Monero node, without affecting your home bandwidth, is to purchase a VPS (Virtual Private Server). We strongly recommend
  generate_para5: using the
  generate_para6: coupon code to get a discount over and above their already cheap $6/month VPS. Using this coupon code and/or
  generate_para7: our affiliate link
  generate_para8: will also assist in the ongoing funding of Monero development.
  acquire: 4. Acquire Monero
  acquire_para1: Monero may be purchased on an
  acquire_para2: exchange
  acquire_para3: with fiat or other cryptocurrencies. An alternate way of acquiring Monero is via
  acquire_para4: mining,
  acquire_para5: the computationally-complex process whereby transactions are immutably recorded on the blockchain.
  send-receive: 5. Send and Receive Monero
  send-receive_para1: Learn how to send and receive Monero by viewing the
  send-receive_para2: guide.
  transact: 6. Transact with Monero
  transact_para1: Monero may be used to purchase many goods and services. For a listing, see the
  transact_para2: Merchants page.

what-is-monero:
  translated: "yes"
  need-to-know: What you need to know
  leading: Monero is the leading cryptocurrency with a focus on private and censorship-resistant transactions.
  leading_para1: Most existing cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, have transparent blockchains, meaning that transactions are openly verifiable and traceable by anyone in the world. Furthermore, sending and receiving addresses for these transactions may potentially be linkable to a person's real-world identity.
  leading_para2: Monero uses cryptography to shield sending and receiving addresses, as well as transacted amounts.
  confidential: Monero transactions are confidential and untraceable.
  confidential_para1: Every Monero transaction, by default, obfuscates sending and receiving addresses as well as transacted amounts. This always-on privacy means that every Monero user's activity enhances the privacy of all other users, unlike selectively transparent cryptocurrencies (e.g. Zcash).
  confidential_para2: Monero is fungible. By virtue of obfuscation, Monero cannot become tainted through participation in previous transactions. This means Monero will always be accepted without the risk of censorship.
  confidential_para3: The Kovri Project,
  confidential_para4: currently in development
  confidential_para5: ", will route and encrypt transactions via I2P Invisible Internet Project nodes. This will obfuscate a transactor's IP address and provide further protection against network monitoring."
  grassroots: Monero is a grassroots community attracting the world's best cryptocurrency researchers and engineering talent.
  grassroots_para1: Over
  grassroots_para2: 500 developers
  grassroots_para3: have contributed to the Monero project, including 30 core developers. Forums and chat channels are welcoming and active.
  grassroots_para4: Monero's Research Lab, Core Development Team and Community Developers are constantly pushing the frontier of what is possible with cryptocurrency privacy and security.
  grassroots_para5: Monero is not a corporation. It is developed by cryptography and distributed systems experts from all over the world that donate their time or are funded by community donations. This means that Monero can't be shut down by any one country and is not constrained by any particular legal jurisdiction.
  electronic: Monero is electronic cash that allows fast, inexpensive payments to and from anywhere in the world.
  electronic_para1: There are no multi-day holding periods and no risk of fraudulent chargebacks. It is safe from ‘capital controls’ - these are measures that restrict the flow of traditional currencies, sometimes to an extreme degree, in countries experiencing economic instability.
  videos: Monero Videos (English)

about:
  translated: "yes"
  history: A Brief History
  history_para1: Monero was launched in April 2014. It was a fair, pre-announced launch of the CryptoNote reference code. There was no premine or instamine, and no portion of the block reward goes to development. See the original Bitcointalk thread
  history_para2: here.
  history_para3: The founder, thankful_for_today, proposed some controversial changes that the community disagreed with. A fallout ensued, and the Monero Core Team forked the project with the community following this new Core Team. This Core Team has provided oversight since.
  history_para4: Monero has made several large improvements since launch. The blockchain was migrated to a different database structure to provide greater efficiency and flexibility, minimum ring signature sizes were set so that all transactions were private by mandate, and RingCT was implemented to hide the transaction amounts. Nearly all improvements have provided improvements to security or privacy, or they have facilitated use. Monero continues to develop with goals of privacy and security first, ease of use and efficiency second.
  values: Our Values
  values_para: Monero is more than just a technology. It’s also what the technology stands for. Some of the important guiding philosophies are listed below.
  security: Security
  security_para: Users must be able to trust Monero with their transactions, without risk of error or attack. Monero gives the full block reward to the miners, who are the most critical members of the network who provide this security. Transactions are cryptographically secure using the latest and most resilient encryption tools available.
  privacy: Privacy
  privacy_para: Monero takes privacy seriously. Monero needs to be able to protect users in a court of law and, in extreme cases, from the death penalty. This level of privacy must be completely accessible to all users, whether they are technologically competent or have no idea how Monero works. A user needs to confidently trust Monero in a way that this person does not feel pressured into changing their spending habits for risk of others finding out.
  decentralization: Decentralization
  decentralization_para: Monero is committed to providing the maximum amount of decentralization. With Monero, you do not have to trust anyone else on the network, and it is not run by any large group. An accessible “Proof of Work” algorithm makes it easy to mine Monero on normal computers, which makes it more difficult for someone to purchase a large amount of mining power. Nodes connect to each other with I2P to lower the risks of revealing sensitive transaction information and censorship (tba). Development decisions are extremely clear and open to public discussion. Developer meeting logs are published online in their entirety and visible by all.


developer-guides:
  translated: "yes"
  outdated: "Please note: the guides below have been recently refreshed and are maintained almost up-to-date by the community. However, methods are often added / removed / updated and may not be accurately described here."
  rpc: RPC Documentation
  daemonrpc: Daemon RPC Documentation
  walletrpc: Wallet RPC Documentation
  soon: More coming soon...

user-guides:
  translated: "yes"
  general: General
  mining: Mining
  recovery: Recovery
  wallets: Wallets
  offline-backup: How to make an offline backup
  vps-node: How to run a node on VPS
  import-blockchain: Importing the Monero blockchain
  monero-tools: Monero Tools
  purchasing-storing: Securely purchasing and storing Monero
  verify-allos: Verify binaries on Linux, Mac, or Windows command line (advanced)
  verify-windows: Verify binaries on Windows (beginner)
  mine-on-pool: How to mine on a pool with xmr-stak-cpu
  solo-mine: How to solo mine with the GUI
  mine-docker: Mining with Docker and XMRig
  locked-funds: How to fix locked up funds
  restore-account: How to restore your account
  qubes: CLI wallet/daemon isolation with Qubes + Whonix
  cli-wallet: Getting started with the CLI wallet
  remote-node-gui: How to connect to a remote node within GUI wallet
  view-only: How to make a view-only wallet
  prove-payment: How to prove payment
  restore-from-keys: Restoring wallet from keys
  nicehash: How to mine Monero XMR without a mining equipment
  ledger-wallet-cli: How to generate a Ledger Monero wallet with the CLI (monero-wallet-cli)
  multisig-messaging-system: Multisig transactions with MMS and CLI wallet

roadmap:
  translated: "yes"
  completed: Completed task
  ongoing: Ongoing task
  upcoming: Upcoming task
  future: Future


research-lab:
  translated: "yes"
  intro: Monero is not only committed to making a fungible currency, but also to continued research into the realm of financial privacy as it involves cryptocurrencies. Below you'll find the work of our very own Monero Research Lab, with more papers to come.
  mrl_papers: Monero Research Lab Papers (English)
  abstract: Abstract
  introduction: Introduction
  read-paper: Read Paper
  mrl1: A Note on Chain Reactions in Traceability in CryptoNote 2.0
  mrl1_abstract: This research bulletin describes a plausible attack on a ring-signature based anonymity system. We use as motivation the cryptocurrency protocol CryptoNote 2.0 ostensibly published by Nicolas van Saberhagen in 2012. It has been previously demonstrated that the untraceability obscuring a one-time key pair can be dependent upon the untraceability of all of the keys used in composing that ring signature. This allows for the possibility of chain reactions in traceability between ring signatures, causing a critical loss in untraceability across the whole network if parameters are poorly chosen and if an attacker owns a sufficient percentage of the network. The signatures are still one-time, however, and any such attack will still not necessarily violate the anonymity of users. However, such an attack could plausibly weaken the resistance CryptoNote demonstrates against blockchain analysis. This research bulletin has not undergone peer review, and reflects only the results of internal investigation.
  mrl2: Counterfeiting via Merkle Tree Exploits within Virtual Currencies Employing the CryptoNote Protocol
  mrl2_abstract: On 4 September 2014, an unusual and novel attack was executed against the Monero cryptocurrency network. This attack partitioned the network into two distinct subsets which refused to accept the legitimacy of the other subset. This had myriad effects, not all of which are yet known. The attacker had a short window of time during which a sort of counterfeiting could occur, for example. This research bulletin describes deficiencies in the CryptoNote reference code allowing for this attack, describes the solution initially put forth by Rafal Freeman from Tigusoft.pl and subsequently by the CryptoNote team, describes the current fix in the Monero code base, and elaborates upon exactly what the offending block did to the network. This research bulletin has not undergone peer review, and reflects only the results of internal investigation.
  mrl3: Monero is Not That Mysterious
  mrl3_abstract: Recently, there have been some vague fears about the CryptoNote source code and protocol floating around the internet based on the fact that it is a more complicated protocol than, for instance, Bitcoin. The purpose of this note is to try and clear up some misconceptions, and hopefully remove some of the mystery surrounding Monero Ring Signatures. I will start by comparing the mathematics involved in CryptoNote ring signatures (as described in [CN]) to the mathematics in [FS], on which CryptoNote is based. After this, I will compare the mathematics of the ring signature to what is actually in the CryptoNote codebase.
  mrl4: Improving Obfuscation in the CryptoNote Protocol
  mrl4_abstract: We identify several blockchain analysis attacks available to degrade the untraceability of the CryptoNote 2.0 protocol. We analyze possible solutions, discuss the relative merits and drawbacks to those solutions, and recommend improvements to the Monero protocol that will hopefully provide long-term resistance of the cryptocurrency against blockchain analysis. Our recommended improvements to Monero include a protocol-level network-wide minimum mix-in policy of n = 2 foreign outputs per ring signature, a protocol-level increase of this value to n = 4 after two years, and a wallet-level default value of n = 4 in the interim. We also recommend a torrent-style method of sending Monero output. We also discuss a non-uniform, age-dependent mix-in selection method to mitigate the other forms of blockchain analysis identified herein, but we make no formal recommendations on implementation for a variety of reasons. The ramifications following these improvements are also discussed in some detail. This research bulletin has not undergone peer review, and reflects only the results of internal investigation.
  mrl5: Ring Signature Confidential Transactions
  mrl5_abstract: This article introduces a method of hiding transaction amounts in the strongly decentralized anonymous cryptocurrency Monero. Similar to Bitcoin, Monero is a cryptocurrency which is distributed through a proof of work “mining” process. The original Monero protocol was based on CryptoNote, which uses ring signatures and one-time keys to hide the destination and origin of transactions. Recently the technique of using a commitment scheme to hide the amount of a transaction has been discussed and implemented by Bitcoin Core Developer Gregory Maxwell. In this article, a new type of ring signature, A Multi-layered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group signature is described which allows for hidden amounts, origins and destinations of transactions with reasonable efficiency and verifiable, trustless coin generation. Some extensions of the protocol are provided, such as Aggregate Schnorr Range Proofs, and Ring Multisignature. The author would like to note that early drafts of this were publicized in the Monero Community and on the bitcoin research irc channel. Blockchain hashed drafts are available in [14] showing that this work was started in Summer 2015, and completed in early October 2015. An eprint is also available at http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1098.
  mrl6: An Efficient Implementation of Monero Subadresses
  mrl6_abstract: Users of the Monero cryptocurrency who wish to reuse wallet addresses in an unlinkable way must maintain separate wallets, which necessitates scanning incoming transactions for each one. We document a new address scheme that allows a user to maintain a single master wallet address and generate an arbitary number of unlinkable subaddresses. Each transaction needs to be scanned only once to determine if it is destinated for any of the user’s subaddresses. The scheme additionally supports multiple outputs to other subaddresses, and is as efficient as traditional wallet transactions.
  mrl7: Sets of Spent Outputs
  mrl7_abstract: This technical note generalizes the concept of spend outputs using basic set theory. The definition captures a variety of earlier work on identifying such outputs. We quantify the effects of this analysis on the Monero blockchain and give a brief overview of mitigations.
  mrl8: Dual Linkable Ring Signatures
  mrl8_abstract: This bulletin describes a modification to Monero's linkable ring signature scheme that permits dual-key outputs as ring members. Key images are tied to both output one-time public keys in a dual, preventing both keys in that transaction from being spent separately. This method has applications to non-interactive refund transactions. We discuss the security implications of the scheme.
  mrl9: Thring Signatures and their Applications to Spender-Ambiguous Digital Currencies
  mrl9_abstract: We present threshold ring multi-signatures (thring signatures) for collaborative computation of ring signatures, present a game of existential forgery for thring signatures, and discuss uses of thring signatures in digital currencies that include spender-ambiguous cross-chain atomic swaps for confidential amounts without a trusted setup. We present an implementation of thring signatures that we call linkable spontaneous threshold anonymous group signatures, and prove the implementation existentially unforgeable.
  mrl10: Discrete Logarithm Equality Across Groups
  mrl10_abstract: This technical note describes an algorithm used to prove knowledge of the same discrete logarithm across different groups. The scheme expresses the common value as a scalar representation of bits, and uses a set of ring signatures to prove each bit is a valid value that is the same (up to an equivalence) across both scalar groups.
  cryptonote: Cryptonote Whitepapers
  cryptonote-whitepaper: Cryptonote Whitepaper
  cryptonote-whitepaper_para: This is the original cryptonote paper written by the cryptonote team. Reading it will give an understanding about how the cryptonote algorithm works in general.
  annotated: Annotated Whitepaper
  annotated_para: The Monero Research Lab released an annotated version of the cryptonote whitepaper. This is sort of like an informal review of the claims that are made line-by-line of the whitepaper. It also explains some of the harder concepts in relatively easy to understand terms.
  brandon: Brandon Goodell's Whitepaper Review
  brandon_para: This paper is a formal review of the original cryptonote paper by MRL researcher Brandon Goodell. He takes an in-depth look at the claims and mathematics presented in the cryptonote paper.


specs:
  translated: "yes"
  fair_title: No premine, no instamine, no token
  fair_premine: Monero had no premine or instamine
  fair_token: Monero did not sell any token
  fair_presale: Monero had no presale of any kind
  pow_title: Proof of Work
  pow_name: CryptoNight
  pow_disclaimer: may change in the future
  diff_title: Difficulty retarget
  diff_freq: every block
  diff_base: based on the last 720 blocks, excluding 20% of the timestamp outliers
  block_time_title: Block time
  block_time_duration: 2 minutes
  block_time_disclaimer: may change in the future as long as emission curve is preserved
  block_reward_title: Block reward
  block_reward_amount: smoothly decreasing and subject to penalties for blocks greater than median size of the last 100 blocks (M100)
  block_reward_example1: see the
  block_reward_example_link: latest block
  block_reward_example2: coinbase transaction amount for current reward
  block_size_title: Block size
  block_size: dynamic, maximum of 2 * M100
  block_emission_title: Emission curve
  block_emission_main: "first, main curve: ~18.132 million coins by the end of May 2022"
  block_emission_tail: "then, tail curve: 0.6 XMR per 2-minute block, kicks in once main emission is done, translates to <1% inflation decreasing over time"
  block_emission_disclaimer1: see
  block_emission_disclaimer_link: charts and details
  supply_title: Max supply
  supply_amount: infinite
  sender_privacy_title: Sender privacy
  sender_privacy_mode: Ring signatures
  recipient_privacy_title: Recipient privacy
  recipient_privacy_mode: Stealth addresses
  amount_hidden_title: Amount obfuscation
  amount_hidden_mode: Ring confidential transactions

library:
  translated: "yes"
  description: "Below are some publications, books or magazines available for you to download."
  books:
  - category: Books
    publications:
    - name: "Zero to Monero"
      file: "Zero-to-Monero-1-0-0.pdf"
      abstract: >
        A comprehensive conceptual (and technical) explanation of Monero.<br>
        We endeavor to teach anyone who knows basic algebra and simple computer science concepts like the ‘bit representation’ of a number not only how Monero works at a deep and comprehensive level, but also how useful and beautiful cryptography can be.        
    - name: "Mastering Monero (Preview)"
      file: "Mastering-Monero-Preview.pdf"
      abstract: >
        A guide through the seemingly complex world of Monero.<br>
        It includes:
        <ul><li>A broad introduction to blockchains and the importance of privacy - ideal for non-technical users.</li>
        <li>Discussion of Bitcoin’s shortcomings and specific solutions provided by Monero.</li>
        <li>User stories (illustrating how Monero protects your privacy), analogies, examples, legal/ethical discussions, and code snippets illustrating key technical concepts.</li>
        <li>Details of the Monero decentralized network, peer-to-peer architecture, transaction lifecycle, and security principles.</li>
        <li>Introductions to technical foundations of Monero, intended for developers, engineers, software architects, and curious users.</li>
        <li>New developments such as Kovri, Bulletproofs, Multisignature, Hardware Wallets, etc.</li></ul>
        See <a href="https://masteringmonero.com/">Mastering Monero</a> website for info about full version.        
  - category: Magazines
    publications:
    - name: "Revuo Monero Q4 2017"
      file: "Revuo-2017-Q4.pdf"
      abstract: >
        Quarterly Monero magazine, Q4 2017 edition.<br>
        In this issue, updates about: development, Monero Research Lab, Kovri, and community.        
    - name: "Revuo Monero Q3 2017"
      file: "Monero-Revuo-3Q-2017.pdf"
      abstract: >
        Quarterly Monero magazine, Q3 2017 edition.<br>
        In this issue, updates about: development, Monero Research Lab, Kovri, community, Hardware, and Monerujo.        

moneropedia:
  translated: "yes"
  add_new_button: Add New Entry
  add_new_text1: If there is an entry you'd like to modify or be added, please
  add_new_link: open an issue on this website's GitLab repository
  add_new_text2: or submit changes via pull request
  entries:
    account: Account
    address-book: Address Book
    address: Address
    airgap: Airgap
    atomic-units: Atomic Units
    base32-address: Base32 address
    base64-address: Base64 address
    blockchain: Blockchain
    block: Block
    bootstrap-node: Bootstrap-node
    bulletproofs: Bulletproofs
    canonically-unique-host: Canonically-unique host
    change: Change
    clearnet: Clearnet
    coinbase: Coinbase Transaction
    consensus: Consensus
    cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrency
    data-directory: Data Directory
    denominations: Denominations
    destination: Destination
    eepsite: Eepsite
    encryption: Encryption
    floodfill: Floodfill
    fluffyblocks: Fluffy Blocks
    fungibility: Fungibility
    garlic-encryption: Garlic-Encryption
    garlic-routing: Garlic Routing
    i2np: I2NP
    i2pcontrol: I2PControl
    i2p: I2P
    in-net: In-net
    java-i2p: Java I2P
    jump-service: Jump Service
    kovri: Kovri
    lease: Lease
    lease-set: Lease-Set
    locally-unique-host: Locally-unique host
    message: Message
    mining: Mining
    mnemonicseed: Mnemonic Seed
    network-database: Network Database
    node: Node
    ntcp: NTCP
    openalias: OpenAlias
    paperwallet: Paper Wallet
    paymentid: Payment ID
    pedersen-commitment: Pedersen Commitment
    reseed: Reseed
    ringCT: Ring CT
    ringsignatures: Ring Signature
    ring-size: Ring Size
    router-info: Router-Info
    scalability: Scalability
    signature: Cryptographic Signature
    smartmining: Smart Mining
    spendkey: Spend Key
    ssu: SSU
    stealthaddress: Stealth Address
    subscription: Subscription
    tail-emission: Tail Emission
    transaction: Transactions
    transports: Transports
    tunnel: Tunnel
    unlocktime: Transaction Unlock Time
    viewkey: View Key
    wallet: Wallet

blog:
  title_1: All
  title_2: Blog
  title_3: Posts
  tagged: Tagged under
  author: Posted by
  date: Posted at
  forum: Click here to join the discussion for this entry on the Monero Forum

tags:
  all: Articles by Tag
  notags: There are no posts for this tag.