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data-md-toggle=nav-6 type=checkbox id=nav-6> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-6> Proof of Work <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Proof of Work" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Proof of Work </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../proof-of-work/what-is-pow/ class=md-nav__link> What is PoW? </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../proof-of-work/pow-in-cryptocurrencies/ class=md-nav__link> PoW in Cryptocurrencies </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../proof-of-work/cryptonight/ class=md-nav__link> CryptoNight </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../proof-of-work/random-x/ class=md-nav__link> RandomX </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=toc type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> Multisignature <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> Multisignature </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#monero-multisignature class=md-nav__link> Monero multisignature </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#multisig-wallet-setup class=md-nav__link> Multisig wallet setup </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Multisig wallet setup"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#0-open-your-wallet class=md-nav__link> 0. Open your wallet </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#1-prepare_multisig class=md-nav__link> 1. prepare_multisig </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#2-make_multisig class=md-nav__link> 2. make_multisig </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#3-finalize_multisig class=md-nav__link> 3. finalize_multisig </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#receiving-funds class=md-nav__link> Receiving funds </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#spending-funds class=md-nav__link> Spending funds </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#reference class=md-nav__link> Reference </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-8 type=checkbox id=nav-8> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-8> Infrastructure <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Infrastructure data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Infrastructure </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../infrastructure/networks/ class=md-nav__link> Mainnet, stagenet, testnet </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../infrastructure/tor-onion-p2p-seed-nodes/ class=md-nav__link> Tor onion seed nodes </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../infrastructure/monero-pulse/ class=md-nav__link> MoneroPulse </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-9 type=checkbox id=nav-9> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-9> Running a Node <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Running a Node" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Running a Node </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../running-node/open-node-tor-onion/ class=md-nav__link> Open Node + Tor Onion </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-10 type=checkbox id=nav-10> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-10> Cold storage <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Cold storage" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Cold storage </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../cold-storage/offline-transaction-signing/ class=md-nav__link> Offline Transaction Signing </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-11 type=checkbox id=nav-11> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-11> Accepting Monero <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Accepting Monero" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Accepting Monero </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../accepting-monero/overview/ class=md-nav__link> Overview </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#monero-multisignature class=md-nav__link> Monero multisignature </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#multisig-wallet-setup class=md-nav__link> Multisig wallet setup </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Multisig wallet setup"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#0-open-your-wallet class=md-nav__link> 0. Open your wallet </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#1-prepare_multisig class=md-nav__link> 1. prepare_multisig </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#2-make_multisig class=md-nav__link> 2. make_multisig </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#3-finalize_multisig class=md-nav__link> 3. finalize_multisig </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#receiving-funds class=md-nav__link> Receiving funds </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#spending-funds class=md-nav__link> Spending funds </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#reference class=md-nav__link> Reference </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <a href=https://github.com/monerodocs/md/edit/master/docs/multisignature.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75L3 17.25z"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=multisignature>Multisignature<a class=headerlink href=#multisignature title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1> <p>In cryptocurrencies, multisig feature allows to sign a transaction with more than one private key. Funds protected with multisig can only be spent by signing with M-of-N keys.</p> <p>Example use cases:</p> <ul> <li>shared account (1-of-2; both husband and wife individually have full access to their funds)</li> <li>consensus account (2-of-2; both husband and wife must agree to spend their funds)</li> <li>threshold account (2-of-3; an escrow service is involved as an independent 3rd party, to co-sign with either the seller, or with the buyer, if seller and buyer do not agree)</li> <li>secure account (2-of-3; a single owner controlls all 3 keys but secures them via a different means to diversify risks)</li> <li>arbitrary threshold account (M-of-N; some cryptocurrencies provide full flexibility on the number of signers)</li> </ul> <h2 id=monero-multisignature>Monero multisignature<a class=headerlink href=#monero-multisignature title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Monero doesn't directly implement multisignatures (at least not in a classical sense). Monero emulates the feature by secret splitting.</p> <p>Transactions are still signed with a single spend key. The spend key is a sum of all N private keys. The rationale for such design is to decouple multisig from ring signatures.</p> <p>Let's consider the 2-of-3 scheme. We have 3 participants. Each participant is granted exactly 2 private keys in a way that pairs do not repeat between participants. This way any 2 participants together have all 3 private keys required to create the private spend key.</p> <p>Multi-signing is a wallet-level feature. There is no way to learn from the blockchain which transactions were created using multiple signatures.</p> <p>It is also worth noting in Monero there is no multisig addresses as such. <a href=/public-address/standard-address/ >Address structure</a> does not care how the underlying private spend key got created.</p> <p>After multisig wallet setup every participant ends up knowing the public address and private view key. This is necessary for participants to recognize and decipher transactions they are supposed to co-sign.</p> <h2 id=multisig-wallet-setup>Multisig wallet setup<a class=headerlink href=#multisig-wallet-setup title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Multisig feature is only available via a command line wallet. You should be familiar with the CLI wallet before playing with multisig.</p> <p>Let's consider a 2-of-3 scheme as it generalizes well.</p> <h3 id=0-open-your-wallet>0. Open your wallet<a class=headerlink href=#0-open-your-wallet title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Access your (stagenet) wallet:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>./monerod --stagenet --daemon                     # Run your full node; make sure it is fully synced
./monero-wallet-cli --stagenet --wallet-file=...  # Run your wallet; make sure you have some funds to play with
</code></pre></div> <h3 id=1-prepare_multisig>1. prepare_multisig<a class=headerlink href=#1-prepare_multisig title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Every participant independently generates <strong>initialization data</strong>. This is <strong>not</strong> an address.</p> <p>Every participant sends his initialization data manually to all other participants over secure channel.</p> <h3 id=2-make_multisig>2. make_multisig<a class=headerlink href=#2-make_multisig title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Every participant applies initialization data from other participants. This results in a <strong>second round of initialization data</strong>. This is still <strong>not</strong> an address.</p> <p>Every participants sends his second round of init data to all other participants over secure channel.</p> <h3 id=3-finalize_multisig>3. finalize_multisig<a class=headerlink href=#3-finalize_multisig title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Every participant finalizes wallet creation by applying the second round of init data from all other participants. This finally results in a wallet <strong>public address</strong> and <strong>private view key</strong> to be known for all participants. </p> <p>Please note actions are symmetric for all participants. Even though we considered a 2-of-3 scheme, every participant cooperates with everyone else. The secret splitting is performed internally by the wallet.</p> <p>Secure sharing of initialization data between participants is manual. The wallet itself does not provide any secure communication channel. This is out of scope.</p> <h2 id=receiving-funds>Receiving funds<a class=headerlink href=#receiving-funds title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Address built by multisig setup is like any other address.</p> <p>You can generate integrated addresses and subaddresses based on it.</p> <p>All participants are able to see incoming funds as they share the private view key.</p> <p>With a CLI, use the following commands to see incoming payments:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>address
refresh
show_transfers
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=spending-funds>Spending funds<a class=headerlink href=#spending-funds title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>TODO</p> <h2 id=reference>Reference<a class=headerlink href=#reference title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/5646/how-to-use-monero-multisignature-wallets-2-2-2-3>https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/5646/how-to-use-monero-multisignature-wallets-2-2-2-3</a></li> </ul> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class=md-footer-nav> <nav class="md-footer-nav__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../proof-of-work/random-x/ class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--prev" rel=prev> <div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12z"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-footer-nav__title> <div class=md-ellipsis> <span class=md-footer-nav__direction> Previous </span> RandomX </div> </div> </a> <a href=../infrastructure/networks/ class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--next" rel=next> <div class=md-footer-nav__title> <div class=md-ellipsis> <span class=md-footer-nav__direction> Next </span> Mainnet, stagenet, testnet </div> </div> <div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11H4z"/></svg> </div> </a> </nav> </div> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-footer-copyright style="margin: auto;"> <a href=http://bumz4sduzxzlobbgzy5fiufdflg3mo2jyecdwdx5rphrqldms7wlmiid.onion/ >Tor onion version</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; <a href=https://qertoip.com/ >contact</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; © 2021 MoneroDocs under <a href=https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>MIT</a> &nbsp; | &nbsp; built w/ <a href=https://www.mkdocs.org/ >mkdocs</a> and <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ >squidfunk/material</a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src=../assets/javascripts/vendor.93c04032.min.js></script> <script src=../assets/javascripts/bundle.83e5331e.min.js></script><script id=__lang type=application/json>{"clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "search.config.lang": "en", "search.config.pipeline": "trimmer, stopWordFilter", "search.config.separator": "[\\s\\-]+", "search.placeholder": "Search", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing"}</script> <script>
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