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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-4-2 type=checkbox id=nav-4-2> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-4-2> Asymmetric <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Asymmetric data-md-level=2> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-4-2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Asymmetric </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/asymmetric/introduction/ class=md-nav__link> Introduction </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/asymmetric/private-key/ class=md-nav__link> Private keys </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/asymmetric/public-key/ class=md-nav__link> Public keys </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519/ class=md-nav__link> Edwards25519 curve </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/asymmetric/key-image/ class=md-nav__link> Key image </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/base58/ class=md-nav__link> Base58 </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/prng/ class=md-nav__link> PRNG </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cryptography/keccak-256/ class=md-nav__link> Keccak-256 </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-5 type=checkbox id=nav-5 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-5> Address <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Address data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Address </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../standard-address/ class=md-nav__link> Standard </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=toc type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> Subaddress <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> Subaddress </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#learn-for-what-you-are-being-paid class=md-nav__link> Learn for what you are being paid </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#prevent-payer-from-linking-your-payouts-together class=md-nav__link> Prevent payer from linking your payouts together </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#group-funds-into-accounts class=md-nav__link> Group funds into accounts </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#why-not-multiple-wallets class=md-nav__link> Why not multiple wallets? </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#wallet-level-feature class=md-nav__link> Wallet level feature </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#data-structure class=md-nav__link> Data structure </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#generating class=md-nav__link> Generating </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Generating> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#private-view-key class=md-nav__link> Private view key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#public-spend-key class=md-nav__link> Public spend key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#public-view-key class=md-nav__link> Public view key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#special-case-for-0-0 class=md-nav__link> Special case for (0, 0) </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#building-the-address-string class=md-nav__link> Building the address string </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#caveats class=md-nav__link> Caveats </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#reference class=md-nav__link> Reference </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../integrated-address/ class=md-nav__link> Integrated </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-6 type=checkbox id=nav-6> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-6> Proof of Work <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Proof of Work" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Proof of Work </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../proof-of-work/what-is-pow/ class=md-nav__link> What is PoW? </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../proof-of-work/pow-in-cryptocurrencies/ class=md-nav__link> PoW in Cryptocurrencies </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../proof-of-work/cryptonight/ class=md-nav__link> CryptoNight </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../proof-of-work/random-x/ class=md-nav__link> RandomX </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../multisignature/ class=md-nav__link> Multisignature </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-8 type=checkbox id=nav-8> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-8> Infrastructure <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Infrastructure data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Infrastructure </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../infrastructure/networks/ class=md-nav__link> Mainnet, stagenet, testnet </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../infrastructure/tor-onion-p2p-seed-nodes/ class=md-nav__link> Tor onion seed nodes </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../infrastructure/monero-pulse/ class=md-nav__link> MoneroPulse </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-9 type=checkbox id=nav-9> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-9> Running a Node <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Running a Node" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Running a Node </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../running-node/open-node-tor-onion/ class=md-nav__link> Open Node + Tor Onion </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-10 type=checkbox id=nav-10> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-10> Cold storage <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Cold storage" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Cold storage </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cold-storage/offline-transaction-signing/ class=md-nav__link> Offline Transaction Signing </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle=nav-11 type=checkbox id=nav-11> <label class=md-nav__link for=nav-11> Accepting Monero <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Accepting Monero" data-md-level=1> <label class=md-nav__title for=nav-11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Accepting Monero </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../accepting-monero/overview/ class=md-nav__link> Overview </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#learn-for-what-you-are-being-paid class=md-nav__link> Learn for what you are being paid </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#prevent-payer-from-linking-your-payouts-together class=md-nav__link> Prevent payer from linking your payouts together </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#group-funds-into-accounts class=md-nav__link> Group funds into accounts </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#why-not-multiple-wallets class=md-nav__link> Why not multiple wallets? </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#wallet-level-feature class=md-nav__link> Wallet level feature </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#data-structure class=md-nav__link> Data structure </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#generating class=md-nav__link> Generating </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Generating> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#private-view-key class=md-nav__link> Private view key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#public-spend-key class=md-nav__link> Public spend key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#public-view-key class=md-nav__link> Public view key </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#special-case-for-0-0 class=md-nav__link> Special case for (0, 0) </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#building-the-address-string class=md-nav__link> Building the address string </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#caveats class=md-nav__link> Caveats </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#reference class=md-nav__link> Reference </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <a href=https://github.com/monerodocs/md/edit/master/docs/public-address/subaddress.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75L3 17.25z"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=subaddress>Subaddress<a class=headerlink href=#subaddress title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <p>Subaddress is what you should be using by default to receive Monero.</p> <h2 id=learn-for-what-you-are-being-paid>Learn for what you are being paid<a class=headerlink href=#learn-for-what-you-are-being-paid title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>By providing a unique subaddress for each anticipated payment you will know for what you are being paid.</p> <p>This use case overlaps with integrated addresses. Subaddresses are generally prefered for reasons outlined below.</p> <h2 id=prevent-payer-from-linking-your-payouts-together>Prevent payer from linking your payouts together<a class=headerlink href=#prevent-payer-from-linking-your-payouts-together title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>To prevent the payer from linking your payouts together simply generate a new subaddress for each payout. This way specific service (like anonymous exchange) that sends you Monero won't (easilly) know it is you again receving Monero.</p> <p>The exception to this is when a service (or group of colluding services) decides to actively attack you, one address at the time, with the so-called <a href=https://web.getmonero.org/2019/10/18/subaddress-janus.html>Janus attack</a>, which risks them losing funds. If you need perfect unlinkability of your receivables, the only solution remains to use a separate seed (separate Monero wallet).</p> <p>Also, note it won't help if you have an account with the service. Then your payouts are already linked in the service database, regardless of Monero.</p> <h2 id=group-funds-into-accounts>Group funds into accounts<a class=headerlink href=#group-funds-into-accounts title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Accounts</strong> are a convenience wallet-level feature to group subaddresses under one label and balance.</p> <p>You may want to organize your funds into accounts like "cash", "work", "trading", "mining", "donations", etc.</p> <p>As accounts are only groupings of subaddresses, they themselves do not have an address.</p> <p>Accounts are deterministically derived from the root private key along with subaddresses.</p> <p>Accounts are similar to subaccounts in your classic bank account. There is a very important difference though. In Monero funds don't really sit on accounts or public addresses. Public addresses are conceptually a gateway or a routing mechanism. Funds sit on transactions' unspent outputs. Thus, a single transaction can - in principle - aggregate and spend outputs from multiple addresses (and by extension from multiple accounts). The CLI or GUI wallet may not directly support creating such transactions for simplicity.</p> <p>In short, think of accounts as a <strong>soft</strong> grouping of your funds.</p> <h2 id=why-not-multiple-wallets>Why not multiple wallets?<a class=headerlink href=#why-not-multiple-wallets title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>The advantage over creating multiple wallets is that you only have a <strong>single seed</strong> to manage. All subaddresses can be derived from the wallet seed.</p> <p>Additionally, you conveniently manage your subaddresses within a single user interface.</p> <h2 id=wallet-level-feature>Wallet level feature<a class=headerlink href=#wallet-level-feature title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Subaddresses and accounts are a wallet-level feature to construct and interpret transactions. They do not affect the consensus. </p> <h2 id=data-structure>Data structure<a class=headerlink href=#data-structure title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Subaddress has a dedicated "network byte":</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Index</th> <th>Size in bytes</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>identifies the network and address type; <a href=https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L171>42</a> - mainnet; <a href=https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L200>36</a> - stagenet; <a href=https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L185>63</a> - testnet</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Otherwise the data structure is the same as for the <a href=/public-address/standard-address/#data-structure>standard address</a>.</p> <h2 id=generating>Generating<a class=headerlink href=#generating title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Each subaddress conceptually has:</p> <ul> <li>account index (also known as "major" index)</li> <li>subaddress index within the account (also known as "minor" index)</li> </ul> <p>The indexes are 0-based. By default wallets use account index 0.</p> <p>The indexes are not directly included in the subaddress data structure. Instead, they are used as input to generating subaddress keys.</p> <h3 id=private-view-key>Private view key<a class=headerlink href=#private-view-key title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>A per-subaddress scalar <code>m</code> is derived as follows:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>m = Hs("SubAddr" || a || account_index || subaddress_index_within_account)
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</code></pre></div> <p>Where:</p> <ul> <li><code>Hs</code> is a Keccak-256 hash function interpreted as integer and modulo <code>l</code> (maximum edwards25519 scalar)</li> <li><code>||</code> is a byte array concatenation operator</li> <li><code>SubAddr</code> is a 0-terminated fixed string (8 bytes total)</li> <li><code>a</code> is a private view key of the standard address (a 32 byte little endian unsigned integer)</li> <li><code>account_index</code> is index of an account (a 32 bit little endian unsigned integer)</li> <li><code>subaddress_index_within_account</code> is index of the subaddress within the account (a 32 bit little endian unsigned integer)</li> </ul> <p>Deriving "sub view keys" from the main view key allows for creating a view only wallet that monitors the entire wallet including subaddresses.</p> <h3 id=public-spend-key>Public spend key<a class=headerlink href=#public-spend-key title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The subaddress public spend key <code>D</code> is derived as follows:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>D = B + m*G
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</code></pre></div> <p>Where:</p> <ul> <li><code>B</code> is standard address public spend key</li> <li><code>m</code> is a per-subaddress scalar that is derived from the private spend key</li> <li><code>G</code> is the "base point"; this is simply a constant specific to <a href=/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519>edwards25519</a></li> </ul> <h3 id=public-view-key>Public view key<a class=headerlink href=#public-view-key title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The subaddress public view key <code>C</code> is derived as follows:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>C = a*D
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</code></pre></div> <p>Where:</p> <ul> <li><code>a</code> is a private view key of the standard address</li> <li><code>D</code> is a public spend key of the subaddress</li> </ul> <h3 id=special-case-for-0-0>Special case for (0, 0)<a class=headerlink href=#special-case-for-0-0 title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The subaddress #0 on the account #0 is the <a href=/public-address/standard-address>standard address</a>. As standard address has different generation rules, this is simply implemented via an <code>if</code> statement.</p> <h3 id=building-the-address-string>Building the address string<a class=headerlink href=#building-the-address-string title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The procedure is the same as for the <a href=/public-address/standard-address>standard address</a>.</p> <h2 id=caveats>Caveats<a class=headerlink href=#caveats title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>It is not recommended to sweep all the balances of subaddress to standard address in a single transaction. That links the subaddresses together on the blockchain. However, this only concerns privacy against specific sender and the situation will never get worse than not using subaddresses in the first place. If you need to join funds while preserving maximum privacy do it with individual transactions (one per subaddress).</li> <li>Convenience labels are not preserved when recreating from seed.</li> </ul> <h2 id=reference>Reference<a class=headerlink href=#reference title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=https://github.com/emesik/monero-python/blob/125d5eac0d4583b586b98e21b28fb9a291db26e5/monero/wallet.py#L195>monero-python</a> - the easiest to follow implementation by Michał Sałaban</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/16dc6900fb556b61edaba5e323497e9b8c677ae2/src/device/device_default.cpp#L143>get_subaddress_spend_public_key()</a> - Monero reference implementation</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/2056>historical discussion on Github</a> - gives context but is not up to date with all details</li> <li><a href=https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/10674/how-are-subaddresses-and-account-addresses-generated-from-master-wallet-keys/10676#10676>StackExchange answer</a> - excellent summary by knaccc</li> </ul> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class=md-footer-nav> <nav class="md-footer-nav__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../standard-address/ class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--prev" rel=prev> <div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12z"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-footer-nav__title> <div class=md-ellipsis> <span class=md-footer-nav__direction> Previous </span> Standard </div> </div> </a> <a href=../integrated-address/ class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--next" rel=next> <div class=md-footer-nav__title> <div class=md-ellipsis> <span class=md-footer-nav__direction> Next </span> Integrated </div> </div> <div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11H4z"/></svg> </div> </a> </nav> </div> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-footer-copyright style="margin: auto;"> <a href=http://bumz4sduzxzlobbgzy5fiufdflg3mo2jyecdwdx5rphrqldms7wlmiid.onion/ >Tor onion version</a> | <a href=https://qertoip.com/ >contact</a> | © 2021 MoneroDocs under <a href=https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>MIT</a> | built w/ <a href=https://www.mkdocs.org/ >mkdocs</a> and <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ >squidfunk/material</a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src=../../assets/javascripts/vendor.93c04032.min.js></script> <script src=../../assets/javascripts/bundle.83e5331e.min.js></script><script id=__lang type=application/json>{"clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "search.config.lang": "en", "search.config.pipeline": "trimmer, stopWordFilter", "search.config.separator": "[\\s\\-]+", "search.placeholder": "Search", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing"}</script> <script>
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