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Add Ed25519 stub
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# Ed25519 curve
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Monero uses Ref10 implementation by Daniel J. Bernstein.
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**!! Work in progress - be sceptical on accuracy !!**
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Monero employs Ed25519 curve as a basis for its signature scheme.
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However, Monero does not follow EdDSA reference signature scheme.
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## Public key derivation
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In relation to EdDSA, Monero derives public keys differently:
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* Monero uses Keccak instead of SHA-512
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* Monero uses private keys as scalars, not as seeds
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## Signature scheme
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In relation to EdDSA, Monero uses a different signature scheme.
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## Implementation
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For the curve itself, Monero uses Ref10 implementation by Daniel J. Bernstein.
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## Reference
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19147619/what-implementions-of-ed25519-exist
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* [Understanding Monero Cryptography](https://medium.com/@luigi1111w/understanding-monero-cryptography-privacy-introduction-9baf073e970c) - excellent writeup by Luigi
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* [StackOverflow answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/2290/why-how-does-monero-generate-public-ed25519-keys-without-using-the-standard-publ)
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# Keccak-256 hash function
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Monero employs Keccak-256 as a hashing function.
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Monero employs Keccak as a hashing function. In most context specifically Keccak-256 is used,
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providing 32-byte hashes.
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Keccak is the leading hashing function, designed by non-NSA designers.
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Keccak won [NIST competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition) to become the official SHA3.
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## Uses
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## Use Cases
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Monero does **not** employ Keccak for Proof-of-Work. Instead, Keccak is used for:
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# Monero Pseudo Random Number Generator
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# Monero Pseudorandom Number Generator
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Monero uses PRNG based on Keccak hashing function.
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Monero uses PRNG based on the Keccak hashing function.
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Basically, output of the previous hashing round is input for the next one.
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The seed comes from entropy sources provided by operating system.
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On Linux and MacOS this translates to `/dev/urandom`.
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On Windows the WinAPI `CryptGenRandom` call is used.
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The initial seed comes from entropy sources provided by operating system.
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On Linux and MacOS the seed comes from `/dev/urandom`.
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On Windows the WinAPI `CryptGenRandom` call is used for seeding.
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There is no reseeding.
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## Caveats
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* This concerns the reference C++ implementation of Monero.
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Please note there are many alternative implementations of private key generation,
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including JavaScript, Python, Android/Java. These should be researched case by case for correctness.
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* In Monero source code you can also find libsodium based random bytes generator. It is part of the embedded library and apparently is not used in actual Monero code.
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## Reference
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65 | 8 | compact payment ID - 8 bytes randomly generated by the recipient; note that it does not need encryption in the address itself but it is hidden in a transaction paying to integrated address to prevent linking payment with the address by external observers
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73 | 4 | checksum ([Keccak-f[1600] hash](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L261) of the previous 73 bytes, trimmed to first [4](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L53) bytes)
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It totals to 78 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/primitives/base58) format, resulting in a 106 chars long string. Example integrated address:
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It totals to 78 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/cryptography/base58) format, resulting in a 106 chars long string. Example integrated address:
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`4LL9oSLmtpccfufTMvppY6JwXNouMBzSkbLYfpAV5Usx3skxNgYeYTRj5UzqtReoS44qo9mtmXCqY45DJ852K5Jv2bYXZKKQePHES9khPK`
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33 | 32 | public view key
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65 | 4 | checksum ([Keccak-f[1600] hash](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L261) of the previous 65 bytes, trimmed to first [4](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L53) bytes)
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It totals to 69 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/primitives/base58) format, resulting in a 95 chars long string. Example standard address:
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It totals to 69 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/cryptography/base58) format, resulting in a 95 chars long string. Example standard address:
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`4AdUndXHHZ6cfufTMvppY6JwXNouMBzSkbLYfpAV5Usx3skxNgYeYTRj5UzqtReoS44qo9mtmXCqY45DJ852K5Jv2684Rge`
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@ -70,6 +70,5 @@ This translates to <1% inflation decreasing over time.
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## IP address privacy
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* not built in
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* use TOR or I2P
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* there is an ongoing effort to integrate I2P into Monero: the Kovri project
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* not built in - please use TOR or I2P
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* there is an ongoing effort to integrate I2P into Monero - the Kovri project
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@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ pages:
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- Home: 'index.md'
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- Interacting: 'interacting/overview.md'
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- Technical Specs: 'technical-specs.md'
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- Primitives:
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- Base58: 'primitives/base58.md'
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- Cryptography:
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- Overview: 'cryptography/overview.md'
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- PRNG: 'cryptography/prng.md'
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- 'Keccak-256': 'cryptography/keccak-256.md'
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- Ed25519: 'cryptography/ed25519.md'
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# - CryptoNight PoW: 'cryptography/cryptonight.md'
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- Base58: 'cryptography/base58.md'
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- Address:
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- Standard: 'public-address/standard-address.md'
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- Integrated: 'public-address/integrated-address.md'
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