2018-09-13 15:00:46 +00:00
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
title: Monero Technical Specification | Monero Documentation
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
2017-12-26 00:58:31 +00:00
|
|
|
# Monero Technical Specs
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
|
|
|
## Live
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Monero blockchain is live since 18 April 2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
## No premine, no instamine, no ICO, no token
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Monero had no premine or instamine
|
|
|
|
|
* Monero did not sell any token
|
|
|
|
|
* Monero had no presale of any kind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Proof of Work
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* CryptoNight
|
2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
|
|
|
* v0 since block height 0
|
|
|
|
|
* v1 since block height 1546000 (forked on 2018-04-06)
|
2018-10-19 15:30:32 +00:00
|
|
|
* v2 since block height 1685555 (forked on 2018-10-18)
|
2020-04-12 19:32:13 +00:00
|
|
|
* v3 since block height 1788000 (forked on 2019-03-09); "CryptonightR"
|
|
|
|
|
* RandomX
|
|
|
|
|
* v0 since block height 1978433 (forked on 2019-11-30)
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Difficulty retarget
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* every block
|
2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
|
|
|
* based on the last 720 blocks (24h), excluding 20% of the timestamp outliers
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Block time
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 2 minutes
|
|
|
|
|
* may change in the future as long as emission curve is preserved
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Block reward
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* smoothly decreasing and subject to penalties for blocks greater then median size of the last 100 blocks (M100)
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
* ~1.6 XMR as of June 2020; for the current reward check the coinbase transaction of the [latest block](https://xmrchain.net/)
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Block size
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* dynamic
|
|
|
|
|
* maximum of two times the median size of the last 100 blocks (2 * M100)
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
* ~50KB as of June 2020; check [the latest block size](https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/monero-size.html#3m)
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Emission curve
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
### Main emission
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* first, the main emission is about to produce ~18.132 million coins by the end of May 2022
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
* as of June 2020 the emission is about 8 XMR per 10 minutes
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* see [charts and details](https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/512kwh/useful_for_learning_about_monero_coin_emission/)
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
### Tail emission
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* the tail emission kicks in once main emission is done
|
|
|
|
|
* it will produce 0.6 XMR per 2-minute block
|
|
|
|
|
* this translates to <1% inflation decreasing over time
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Max supply
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* ~18.132 million XMR + 0.6 XMR per 2 minutes
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
* technically infinite but practically deflationary if accounted for lost coins
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-11-03 23:42:01 +00:00
|
|
|
## Divisibility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Monero is divisible up to 12 digits
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
* The smallest unit is called piconero and equals 1e-12 XMR, or 0.000000000001 XMR
|
2018-11-03 23:42:01 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
## Sender privacy
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* ring signatures
|
2018-10-17 15:44:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* the ring size is 11 (10 decoys)
|
2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
|
|
|
* assurance: probabilistic / plausible deniability
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Recipient privacy
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* stealth addresses
|
2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
|
|
|
* assurance: strong
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
|
|
|
## Amount privacy
|
2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
|
|
|
* ring confidential transactions
|
2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
|
|
|
* assurance: strong
|
2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## IP address privacy
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-06-13 13:59:31 +00:00
|
|
|
For the full node (`monerod`):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* dandelion++
|
|
|
|
|
* assurance: won't protect against ISP/VPN provider, won't protect against the very first remote node in Dandellion++ protocol
|
|
|
|
|
* optional transaction relay over Tor/I2P (block relay is being done on clearnet)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the wallet (`monero-wallet-gui` or `monero-wallet-cli`):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* typically wallet runs on the same machine as full node so there is no risk
|
|
|
|
|
* if wallet connects to remote full node, there is no IP protection by default
|
|
|
|
|
* user must manually wrap wallet with Tor
|
