2018-09-13 15:00:46 +00:00
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---
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title: Monero Technical Specification | Monero Documentation
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---
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2017-12-26 00:58:31 +00:00
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# Monero Technical Specs
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
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## Live
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* Monero blockchain is live since 18 April 2014
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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## No premine, no instamine, no ICO, no token
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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* Monero had no premine or instamine
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* Monero did not sell any token
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* Monero had no presale of any kind
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## Proof of Work
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* CryptoNight
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* v0 since block height 0
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* v1 since block height 1546000 (forked on 2018-04-06)
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2018-10-19 15:30:32 +00:00
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* v2 since block height 1685555 (forked on 2018-10-18)
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2019-02-14 14:17:13 +00:00
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* v3 since block height 1788000 (scheduled to fork on 2018-03-09); "CryptonightR"
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2019-02-21 13:24:08 +00:00
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* Changes every ~6 months to discourage ASIC-s development
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Difficulty retarget
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* every block
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* based on the last 720 blocks (24h), excluding 20% of the timestamp outliers
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Block time
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* 2 minutes
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* may change in the future as long as emission curve is preserved
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## Block reward
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* smoothly decreasing and subject to penalties for blocks greater then median size of the last 100 blocks (M100)
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2019-02-21 13:24:08 +00:00
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* ~3.1 XMR as of Feb 2019; for the current reward check the coinbase transaction of the [latest block](https://xmrchain.net/)
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Block size
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* dynamic
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* maximum of two times the median size of the last 100 blocks (2 * M100)
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2019-02-21 13:24:08 +00:00
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* ~20KB as of Feb 2019; check [the latest block size](https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/monero-size.html#3m)
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Emission curve
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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### Main emission
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* first, the main emission is about to produce ~18.132 million coins by the end of May 2022
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2019-02-21 13:24:08 +00:00
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* as of Feb 2019 the emission is about 15 XMR per 10 minutes
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* see [charts and details](https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/512kwh/useful_for_learning_about_monero_coin_emission/)
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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### Tail emission
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* the tail emission kicks in once main emission is done
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* it will produce 0.6 XMR per 2-minute block
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* this translates to <1% inflation decreasing over time
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Max supply
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* ~18.132 million XMR + 0.6 XMR per 2 minutes
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* technically infinite but practicaly deflationary if accounted for lost coins
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-11-03 23:42:01 +00:00
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## Divisibility
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* Monero is divisible up to 12 digits
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* The smallest unit is called piconero and equals 1e-12 XMR, or 0.000000000001 XMR
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Sender privacy
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* ring signatures
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2018-10-17 15:44:04 +00:00
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* the ring size is 11 (10 decoys)
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* assurance: probabilistic / plausible deniability
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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## Recipient privacy
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* stealth addresses
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* assurance: strong
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
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## Amount privacy
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2017-12-22 22:11:36 +00:00
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2018-01-06 13:41:04 +00:00
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* ring confidential transactions
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* assurance: strong
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2018-01-03 11:10:56 +00:00
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## IP address privacy
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2019-02-21 13:24:08 +00:00
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* there is an ongoing effort to integrate Tor into Monero wallet for transaction sending
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2018-08-18 15:25:30 +00:00
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* assurance: none at the moment - please use TOR or I2P
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